senators and congressmen demonstrate resistance by joining other southern legislators in signing the "Southern Manifesto” - a document that denounces the U.S. The suit is sponsored by the NAACP in its varied forms, this case would extend integration in Little Rock and across the South.Īll eight of Arkansas's U.S. The case uses the names of William Cooper, president of the LRSD board, and John Aaron, the first listed student. Cooper) asking for immediate desegregation of Little Rock schools. Twelve African American parents, on behalf of thirty-three African American students, file a federal lawsuit ( Aaron v. They are refused enrollment by the LRSD Board of Education. Southern school boards interpret this decision as a chance for delay.ġ956 JanuTwenty-seven African American students in Little Rock attempt to enroll for the second semester at Central High, Little Rock Technical High, Forest Heights Junior High, and Forest Park Elementary School. Supreme Court issues its Brown II implementation order which directs school districts across America to proceed with desegregation with "all deliberate speed." Chief Justice Earl Warren writes the Court’s unanimous decision which in reality sets no specific deadlines. The plan would be “fully implemented” over six years. The other, Horace Mann High in eastern Little Rock, would become an African American-only high school. One of the new high schools, Hall High, would be for white-only in the well-to-do western edges of Little Rock. After several changes, the Blossom Plan would develop into a quite limited approach that would begin only at Central High in 1957 after the construction of two new high schools for the growing urban population of Little Rock. The LRSD board adopts a phased plan of integration called the Blossom Plan. Under the direction of Pine Bluff attorney Wiley Branton, chairman of the state’s NAACP Legal Redress Committee, the NAACP petitions the Little Rock School Board for immediate integration.
Superintendent Virgil Blossom and the Little Rock School District (LRSD) board announce their intention to comply with the Brown decision, but only after the courts have outlined an implementation decree. In May 1955, The Supreme Court further defines the standard of implementation for integration as being “with all deliberate speed,” in Brown II and charges the federal courts with establishing guidelines for compliance. Five days later, the Little Rock School Board issues a policy statement saying it will comply with the Supreme Court’s decision. The United States Supreme Court rules racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional in Brown v. The school costs $400,000 - the Rosenwald Foundation donates $67,500 and $30,000 comes from the Rockefeller General Education Fund. Paul Laurence Dunbar High School, the high school for African American students, opens. The school costs more than $1.5 million to construct. Little Rock Senior (renamed Central in 1953) High School opens its doors for the first time. President Abraham Lincoln delivers the Emancipation Proclamation which announces "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free." The Emancipation Proclamation was limited in many ways: only states that had seceded from the US were held to this decree while slavery was left unaffected in the loyal border states. Little Rock's first public school opens - for white students only.
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